The UK’s energy transition is often framed as a future challenge, but considerable progress has already been made: the country has halved its emissions since 1990, while continuing to grow its economy. This represents one of the biggest infrastructure projects of our time and the financial and operational challenges are wide-ranging, making insurance and risk management critical to attracting investment and supporting the delivery of projects.
The UK is increasingly relying on renewable energy and emerging technologies as it continues to decarbonise its energy system. A significant milestone was reached in late 2024 with the closure of the country’s last coal-fired power station, ending 142 years of coal-fired electricity generation. This marks an important step away from the most carbon-intensive fossil fuel and towards a more sustainable future.
Today, more than 50% of UK electricity generation is powered by renewable sources such as hydropower and solar energy, with 2024 marking the first time that the country reached this milestone. However, for all the progress made, around 80% of the UK’s overall energy demand is still met by fossil fuels, highlighting the scale of the challenge that remains. Decarbonising sectors such as manufacturing still requires much further investment and innovation in electrification.
Electrification is transforming transport, heating, and digital infrastructure in the UK and globally, and is a key reason why the country has made such considerable progress in reducing emissions. The growth of electric vehicles has been central to this transition, with heat pumps also expected to play a greater role in the years ahead, having only been installed in a fraction of UK homes to date.
However, electrification also brings new challenges as the UK grid system is not currently catered for this change. Upgrade works are already underway in some parts of the country, requiring significant investment and co-ordination. It undoubtedly represents the biggest change to our energy system for many generations. At the same time, emerging technologies – namely artificial intelligence (AI) – are creating additional demand for electricity, adding further complexity to the equation.
The rapid growth of data centres and AI significantly increases the demand for electricity, posing challenges for grid capacity. Research suggests that data centres use around 1.5% of global electricity, but usage varies significantly by country – for example, some suggest that it uses as much as 6% of the nation’s supply in the UK and US.
The government’s ambition for the UK to be a leading force on AI requires further investment in data centres, which are energy intensive. The UK’s energy infrastructure will therefore need to evolve to support energy generation and storage. Meeting this demand will require substantial long-term investment, creating an important role for insurers and risk managers in supporting project delivery and resilience.
Insurance is essential to enabling new technologies to scale – without it, lenders are unlikely to provide the capital needed to launch or develop projects. But insurers do more than transfer risk, they also help businesses to identify vulnerabilities and advise on decision-making to improve resilience. These are complex, high-value projects and investors and lenders need to be confident that the risks – ranging from supply chain disruption to the protection of assets – have been accurately identified and accounted for.
The UK’s energy transition is well underway, but the scale of the challenge ahead should not be underestimated. Expanding renewable energy generation and storage, supporting the development of emerging technologies, and meeting the increased demand for energy required by emerging technologies such as AI all present a sizeable challenge. Insurers and risk managers are therefore not just supporting projects, but are critical to their launch and continued success.
